New Paradigms in the Study of "Coronavirus"

Coronaviruses are a group of related viruses that can cause disease in mammals and birds.  There are still vaccines or antiviral medications to prevent or treat human coronavirus infections. Coronaviruses constitute the Orthocoronavirinae subfamily, in the Coronaviridae family.

They are viruses enveloped with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a helically symmetrical nucleocapsid. The coronavirus genome size varies from approximately 26-32 kilobases, the largest among RNA viruses. They have characteristic stick-shaped peaks projecting from its surface, which in electron micrographs create an image reminiscent of the solar corona from which its name derives.

Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s. The first studied was from a human victim with the common cold, which was named human coronavirus 229E & human coronavirus OC43.

Etymology

The name "coronavirus" is derived from the Latin corona, which means "crown" or "crown", itself was taken from the Greek” korṓnē”,

"garland, crown".

Structure

Coronaviruses are large spherical particles with bulbous surface projections. The average diameter of the virus. Particles are around 120nm, the diameter of the shell is ~ 80nm and the spikes are ~ 20nm in length. The virus envelope on electron micrographs it appears as a distinct pair of dense electron shells. A subset of coronavirus also has a shorter spike-shaped surface protein called hemagglutinin esterase. The envelope of the lipid bilayer, the membrane proteins, and the nucleocapsid protect the virus when it is outside the host cell. Upon entering the host cell, the virus particle is uncoated and its genome enters in the cell cytoplasm.

Taxonomy

The scientific name of coronavirus is Orthocoronavirinae or Coronavirinae.

Genre: Alphacoronavirus

Species: human coronavirus 229E, human coronavirus NL63, bat coronavirus Miniopterus 1, bat coronavirus Miniopterus HKU8, swine epidemic diarrhea virus, Rhinolophus HKU2 bat coronavirus, Scotophilus 512 bat coronavirus

Genus Betacoronavirus; type species: murine coronavirus

Species: Betacoronavirus 1, human coronavirus HKU1, murine coronavirus, coronavirus of bat Pipistrellus HKU5, bat Rousettus

HKU9 coronavirus, severe acute coronavirus related to the respiratory syndrome, bat coronavirus Tylonycteris HKU4

Middle East coronavirus related to the respiratory syndrome, coronavirus Hedgehog 1

Gammacoronavirus genus; type species: infectious bronchitis virus

Species: beluga whale coronavirus SW1, infectious bronchitis virus

Genus Deltacoronavirus; type species: Bulbul coronavirus HKU11

Species: Bulbul HKU11 coronavirus, HKU15 porcine coronavirus

Evolution

The most recent common ancestor of all coronaviruses is estimated to have existed as recently.....

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